A little correction...
Choline is the backbone structure for all phospholipids, including those specifically concentrated in the brain. While
choline itself doesn't have neurological activity,
choline acetyltransferase. Neurotransmitters occur as 4 classes of compounds: monoamines,
amino acids, peptides and acetylcholine. They are synthesized, packaged and transported to the terminal of the presynaptic cell. The nerve cell is triggered by an electric potential (movement of ions with a nerve body) at the cell-cell junction (terminal), triggering the release of neurotransmitter into the junction space (synaptic cleft). After diffusion across the synapse, the neurotransmitter activates receptors on the opposing cell junction face (postsynaptic cell) resulting in excitation or inhibition of that cell. The neurotransmitter is inactivated through enzymatic breakdown, re-uptake or by it's diffusion. Synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and the enzyme which breaks it downs acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are dependend on
choline concentration.
And the answer to the question on the neurochemical utility of dietary
Omega-3 FA:
3-Omega fats and brain chemistry: Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) is an
omega-3 fatty acid. DHA is required for maintenance of normal brain function in adults. The inclusion of DHA in the diet improves learning ability, whereas deficiencies of DHA are associated with deficits in learning. DHA is taken up by the brain in preference to other
fatty acids. The turnover of DHA in the brain is very fast, more so than is generally realized.When DHA is used by the body, some of it converts to another essential fatty acid, EPA.1 The two acids have many similarities (both are found in fish oils), but are not identical; ideally, a proper diet contains adequate amounts of both
fatty acids.
Other actions: It has been shown to decrease aggressiveness in adolescent males. Others who show DHA deficiencies include Alzheimer’s patients6 and children with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). DHA, when taken in conjunction with EPA, appears to lower blood pressure (control of BP originates within the HPA cascade in the brain). Decreases in DHA in the brain are associated with cognitive decline during aging and with onset of sporadic Alzheimer disease. DHA levels in red blood cells have been correlated with depression in humans. A small study has shown that
fish oil can produce striking benefits in bipolar disease, preventing relapse and improving emotional state.
References:
Hamazaki T, Sawazaki S, Itomura M, Asaoka E, et al. The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on aggression in young adults. A placebo-controlled double-blind study. J Clin Invest 1996;97:1129–33.
Stevens LJ, Zentall SS, Deck JL, et al. Essential fatty acid metabolism in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62:761–68.
Morris MC, Sacks F, Rosner B. Does
fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation 1993;88:523–33.
Horrocks LA; Yeo YK. Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Pharmacol Res 1999 Sep;40(3):211-25.
Peet M; Murphy B; Shay J; Horrobin D. Depletion of
omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biol Psychiatry 1998 Mar 1;43(5):315-9.
Stoll AL, et al. Omega 3
fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch
Gen Psychiatry 56(5): 407–412, 1999.
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